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Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine: http://www.expertreviews.org/
Accession information: Vol. 8; Issue 7; 11 April 2006 Abstract
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Cellular targets and effects of anthrax toxin

David J. Banks, Sabrina C. Ward and Kenneth A. Bradley

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Table 1. Cellular targets and effects of anthrax toxin
Toxin Target cell Effect Refs
Lethal toxin Neutrophil Inhibits mobility 42
Monocyte Inhibit proliferation and differentiation 73
Activated macrophage Causes cell death 73, 74, 75, 76
Macrophage Suppresses cytokine production 125
Immature dendritic cell Causes cell death 67
Mature dendritic cell Suppresses cytokine production, co-stimulatory molecule expression and T-cell stimulation 78, 79, 126
T cell Inhibits activation, proliferation, surface-molecule expression and cytokine expression 95, 96, 97
Red blood cell Causes cell death 69
Platelet Induces coagulopathy 112
Endothelial cell Causes cell death; promotes cytokine mRNA degradation; dysregulates barrier function 43, 45, 66, 68, 82
Oedema toxin Neutrophil Inhibits phagocytosis 63
Macrophage Causes cell death 72
Mature dendritic cell Suppresses cytokine production 79, 126
T cell Inhibits activation, proliferation, surface-molecule expression and cytokine expression 96, 97
Platelet Induces coagulopathy 91

References cited in Table 1

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43 Kirby, J.E. (2004) Anthrax lethal toxin induces human endothelial cell apoptosis. Infect Immun 72, 430-439, PubMed

45 Steele, A.D., Warfel, J.M. and D’Agnillo, F. (2005) Anthrax lethal toxin enhances cytokine-induced VCAM-1 expression on human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 337, 1249-1256, PubMed

63 O’Brien, J. et al. (1985) Effects of anthrax toxin components on human neutrophils. Infect Immun 47, 306-310, PubMed

66 Pandey, J. and Warburton, D. (2004) Knock-on effect of anthrax lethal toxin on macrophages potentiates cytotoxicity to endothelial cells. Microbes Infect 6, 835-843, PubMed

67 Alileche, A. et al. (2005) Anthrax lethal toxin-mediated killing of human and murine dendritic cells impairs the adaptive immune response. PLoS Pathog 1, e19, PubMed

68 Warfel, J.M., Steele, A.D. and D’Agnillo, F. (2005) Anthrax lethal toxin induces endothelial barrier dysfunction. Am J Pathol 166, 1871-1881, PubMed

69 Wu, A.G. et al. (2003) Anthrax toxin induces hemolysis: an indirect effect through polymorphonuclear cells. J Infect Dis 188, 1138-1141, PubMed

72 Voth, D.E. et al. (2005) Bacillus anthracis oedema toxin as a cause of tissue necrosis and cell type-specific cytotoxicity. Cell Microbiol 7, 1139-1149, PubMed

73 Kassam, A., Der, S.D. and Mogridge, J. (2005) Differentiation of human monocytic cell lines confers susceptibility to Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin. Cell Microbiol 7, 281-292, PubMed

74 Kim, S.O. et al. (2003) Sensitizing anthrax lethal toxin-resistant macrophages to lethal toxin-induced killing by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Biol Chem 278, 7413-7421, PubMed

75 Hsu, L.C. et al. (2004) The protein kinase PKR is required for macrophage apoptosis after activation of Toll-like receptor 4. Nature 428, 341-345, PubMed

76 Park, J.M. et al. (2002) Macrophage apoptosis by anthrax lethal factor through p38 MAP kinase inhibition. Science 297, 2048-2051, PubMed

78 Agrawal, A. et al. (2003) Impairment of dendritic cells and adaptive immunity by anthrax lethal toxin. Nature 424, 329-334, PubMed

79 Tournier, J.N. et al. (2005) Anthrax edema toxin cooperates with lethal toxin to impair cytokine secretion during infection of dendritic cells. J Immunol 174, 4934-4941, PubMed

82 Batty, S. et al. (2006) Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling by Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin causes destabilization of interleukin-8 mRNA. Cell Microbiol 8, 130-138, PubMed

91 Alam, S., Gupta, M. and Bhatnagar, R. (2006) Inhibition of platelet aggregation by anthrax edema toxin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 339, 107-114, PubMed

95 Fang, H. et al. (2005) Anthrax lethal toxin blocks MAPK kinase-dependent IL-2 production in CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 174, 4966-4971, PubMed

96 Paccani, S.R. et al. (2005) Anthrax toxins suppress T lymphocyte activation by disrupting antigen receptor signaling. J Exp Med 201, 325-331, PubMed

97 Comer, J.E. et al. (2005) Direct inhibition of T-lymphocyte activation by anthrax toxins in vivo. Infect Immun 73, 8275-8281, PubMed

112 Kau, J.H. et al. (2005) Antiplatelet activities of anthrax lethal toxin are associated with suppressed p42/44 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in the platelets. J Infect Dis 192, 1465-1474, PubMed

125 Erwin, J.L. et al. (2001) Macrophage-derived cell lines do not express proinflammatory cytokines after exposure to Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin. Infect Immun 69, 1175-1177, PubMed

126 Brittingham, K.C. et al. (2005) Dendritic cells endocytose Bacillus anthracis spores: implications for anthrax pathogenesis. J Immunol 174, 5545-5552, PubMed

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