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Accession information: Vol. 8; Issue 7; 11 April 2006 Abstract
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Cellular targets and effects of anthrax toxin
David J. Banks, Sabrina C. Ward and Kenneth A. Bradley
| Table 1. Cellular targets and effects of anthrax toxin | |||
| Toxin | Target cell | Effect | Refs |
| Lethal toxin | Neutrophil | Inhibits mobility | 42 |
| Monocyte | Inhibit proliferation and differentiation | 73 | |
| Activated macrophage | Causes cell death | 73, 74, 75, 76 | |
| Macrophage | Suppresses cytokine production | 125 | |
| Immature dendritic cell | Causes cell death | 67 | |
| Mature dendritic cell | Suppresses cytokine production, co-stimulatory molecule expression and T-cell stimulation | 78, 79, 126 | |
| T cell | Inhibits activation, proliferation, surface-molecule expression and cytokine expression | 95, 96, 97 | |
| Red blood cell | Causes cell death | 69 | |
| Platelet | Induces coagulopathy | 112 | |
| Endothelial cell | Causes cell death; promotes cytokine mRNA degradation; dysregulates barrier function | 43, 45, 66, 68, 82 | |
| Oedema toxin | Neutrophil | Inhibits phagocytosis | 63 |
| Macrophage | Causes cell death | 72 | |
| Mature dendritic cell | Suppresses cytokine production | 79, 126 | |
| T cell | Inhibits activation, proliferation, surface-molecule expression and cytokine expression | 96, 97 | |
| Platelet | Induces coagulopathy | 91 | |
| References cited
in Table 1
42 During, R.L. et al. (2005) Anthrax lethal toxin paralyzes neutrophil actin-based motility. J Infect Dis 192, 837-845, PubMed 43 Kirby, J.E. (2004) Anthrax lethal toxin induces human endothelial cell apoptosis. Infect Immun 72, 430-439, PubMed 45 Steele, A.D., Warfel, J.M. and DAgnillo, F. (2005) Anthrax lethal toxin enhances cytokine-induced VCAM-1 expression on human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 337, 1249-1256, PubMed 63 OBrien, J. et al. (1985) Effects of anthrax toxin components on human neutrophils. Infect Immun 47, 306-310, PubMed 66 Pandey, J. and Warburton, D. (2004) Knock-on effect of anthrax lethal toxin on macrophages potentiates cytotoxicity to endothelial cells. Microbes Infect 6, 835-843, PubMed 67 Alileche, A. et al. (2005) Anthrax lethal toxin-mediated killing of human and murine dendritic cells impairs the adaptive immune response. PLoS Pathog 1, e19, PubMed 68 Warfel, J.M., Steele, A.D. and DAgnillo, F. (2005) Anthrax lethal toxin induces endothelial barrier dysfunction. Am J Pathol 166, 1871-1881, PubMed 69 Wu, A.G. et al. (2003) Anthrax toxin induces hemolysis: an indirect effect through polymorphonuclear cells. J Infect Dis 188, 1138-1141, PubMed 72 Voth, D.E. et al. (2005) Bacillus anthracis oedema toxin as a cause of tissue necrosis and cell type-specific cytotoxicity. Cell Microbiol 7, 1139-1149, PubMed 73 Kassam, A., Der, S.D. and Mogridge, J. (2005) Differentiation of human monocytic cell lines confers susceptibility to Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin. Cell Microbiol 7, 281-292, PubMed 74 Kim, S.O. et al. (2003) Sensitizing anthrax lethal toxin-resistant macrophages to lethal toxin-induced killing by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Biol Chem 278, 7413-7421, PubMed 75 Hsu, L.C. et al. (2004) The protein kinase PKR is required for macrophage apoptosis after activation of Toll-like receptor 4. Nature 428, 341-345, PubMed 76 Park, J.M. et al. (2002) Macrophage apoptosis by anthrax lethal factor through p38 MAP kinase inhibition. Science 297, 2048-2051, PubMed 78 Agrawal, A. et al. (2003) Impairment of dendritic cells and adaptive immunity by anthrax lethal toxin. Nature 424, 329-334, PubMed 79 Tournier, J.N. et al. (2005) Anthrax edema toxin cooperates with lethal toxin to impair cytokine secretion during infection of dendritic cells. J Immunol 174, 4934-4941, PubMed 82 Batty, S. et al. (2006) Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling by Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin causes destabilization of interleukin-8 mRNA. Cell Microbiol 8, 130-138, PubMed 91 Alam, S., Gupta, M. and Bhatnagar, R. (2006) Inhibition of platelet aggregation by anthrax edema toxin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 339, 107-114, PubMed 95 Fang, H. et al. (2005) Anthrax lethal toxin blocks MAPK kinase-dependent IL-2 production in CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 174, 4966-4971, PubMed 96 Paccani, S.R. et al. (2005) Anthrax toxins suppress T lymphocyte activation by disrupting antigen receptor signaling. J Exp Med 201, 325-331, PubMed 97 Comer, J.E. et al. (2005) Direct inhibition of T-lymphocyte activation by anthrax toxins in vivo. Infect Immun 73, 8275-8281, PubMed 112 Kau, J.H. et al. (2005) Antiplatelet activities of anthrax lethal toxin are associated with suppressed p42/44 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in the platelets. J Infect Dis 192, 1465-1474, PubMed 125 Erwin, J.L. et al. (2001) Macrophage-derived cell lines do not express proinflammatory cytokines after exposure to Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin. Infect Immun 69, 1175-1177, PubMed 126 Brittingham, K.C. et al. (2005) Dendritic cells endocytose Bacillus anthracis spores: implications for anthrax pathogenesis. J Immunol 174, 5545-5552, PubMed |
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