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Expert
Reviews in Molecular Medicine: http://www.expertreviews.org/
DOI: 10.1017/S1462399408000781; 15 August 2008
Erica
Hennessy and Lorraine O'Driscoll (2008) Molecular medicine of microRNAs: structure,
function and implications for diabetes. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. Vol. 10, e24,
DOI: 10.1017/S1462399408000781
Molecular medicine of microRNAs: structure, function and implications for diabetes
Erica Hennessy a1
and Lorraine O'Driscoll a1 c1
a1 National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
c1 Corresponding author: Lorraine O'Driscoll, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland. Tel: +353 1 7005402; Fax: +353 1 7005484; E-mail: lorraine.odriscoll@dcu.ie
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of endogenous small noncoding RNA molecules, of 19–28 nucleotides in length. In humans, up to 3% of all genes are estimated to encode these evolutionarily conserved sequences. miRNAs are thought to control expression of thousands of target mRNAs. Mammalian miRNAs generally negatively regulate gene expression by repressing translation, possibly through effects on mRNA stability and compartmentalisation, and/or the translation process itself. An extensive range of in silico and experimental techniques have been applied to our understanding of the occurrence and functional relevance of such sequences, and antisense technologies have been successfully used to control miRNA expression in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, miRNAs have been identified in both normal and pathological conditions, including differentiation and development, metabolism, proliferation, cell death, viral infection and cancer. Of specific relevance and excitement to the area of diabetes research, miRNA regulation has been implicated in insulin secretion from pancreatic ß-cells, diabetic heart conditions and nephropathy. Further analyses of miRNAs in vitro and in vivo will, undoubtedly, enable us determine their potential to be exploited as therapeutic targets in diabetes.
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